Estimation and Comparison of Direct Emissions †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Estimation and Comparison of Direct Emissions. Answer: Introduction: The industrialization aspects has been overwhelming in all over the world with new construction. The industrialization has helped in enhancing construction industry in different countries of the world. As commented by Goulding et al. 2015, the Australian construction industry has recently seen various changes including off-site construction. This method has been a key vision for industry for enhancing the construction industry. This research paper will discuss about issues that are responsible for driving growth of the off-site manufacturing in Australia. The project investigate whether changes in use of land use planning policies are properly implemented and planning policies and housing supply in Australia. It also provide a call from the Commonwealth Government for including Ministers Portfolio responsibility to coordinate role of government agencies as buyers of services in industry. As commented by Mao et al. 2013, the Federation and establishment of the Commonwealth of Australi a in 1901 has been accomplished by agreement between citizens and leaders of six founding states. As mentioned by Crossin, Hedayati and Clune 2014, there are key changes in functioning of Commonwealth State relations in the 20th Century including shift of income tax collection to Commonwealth and federal government by taking responsibility for social security and support by income. Australian government was not included in the Australian Constitution and different referendums for gaining constitutional recognition. As mentioned by Mao et al. 2013, the Australian government has initialized many reforms in local government systems that incudes amalgamations of LGAs, and encouraged growth in human related services at local level. This research will focus on factors that are responsible for improvement of construction industry in Australia. The factors responsible for unaffordability of houses in Australia will be explained. The benefits of off-site construction will be properly perceived in the paper. The importance of Australian government in implementation if off-site construction will be properly focused. The contribution of other legal authorities including AUHRI, HIA, NHSC and COAG in this project will be explained. Background of the research (It contains reasons for this research and background of this research) Off-Site Construction includes process of planning, designing, transporting and assembling building elements for developing an enhanced result in the construction (Arashpour et al., 2015). Off-Site buildings includes a variety of scales, materials and system. However, there has been problems in affordability of house in Australia. According to the Demographic Survey, 2014, the deterioration of housing affordability across 39 housing markets in Australia. The 10th Annual Demographic International Housing Affordability Survey has ranked Australia the second in severely unaffordable housing market (Demographia, 2014). Australian construction has been influenced by several factors including inefficient and lack in cultural reform. Different government reports have stated that Australian construction is lacking behind from various other countries. As mentioned by Gill and Terry 2016, various reasons are identified including improper implementation of laws and regulation related to construction field. Improvements are made by the Australian government in order to mitigate these problems in the state. The Construction Industry Research Information Association (CIRIA) conducted a research project named as Adding value to construction projects through standardization and pre-assembly in 1999, that focuses on value gained from application of OSM was reviewed. This research will focus on the factors cause of unaffordability of houses. The research will focus on implementation of the Off-Site Construction in the country. As mentioned by Li, Shen and Xue 2014, the involvement of the Off-Site Construction in the governmental rules and regulation will be depicted in the research. As commented by Mekonnen et al. 2015, the planning strategy Melbourne 2030 is reform of metropolitan planning, which was a number of same metropolitan plans in the Australian state capital cities. As commented by Newman 2014, this include Sydneys City of Cities (NSW Department of Planning 2005), Perths Network City (Department of Planning and Infrastructure 2004), Brisbanes South East Queenslands Regional Plan (Queensland Government 2005) and Adelaides South Australias Strategic Plan (Government of South Australia 2007). Research Problem (The problem due to which this research is conducted) This research is about importance of the MOC in the Australia for its development in the market. The problem in house affordability will be discussed in the research. The NHSC reported that rents in houses in capital cities in the second quarter of year 2012 were increased by 3.2 % in compare to 2011. The average earnings of the people has been increased by 57% and price of house rose by 69% in same period (Mostafa, Chileshe Zuo, 2014). Therefore, it becomes difficult for affording a house in the scenario. Therefore, this research will focus on identifying factors responsible for unaffordability of houses in Australia. This research will depict importance of the Off-Site Construction for mitigating the challenge in the country. The involvement of government in this project will be focused in the research This research aims at improving modular off site construction with government support. The research questions are discussed below: What are the factors affecting the unaffordability of houses? How to implement modular off site construction for mitigating challenges? What is the role of government in implementation of modular off site construction? What are strategies recommended for improving the concept of modular off site construction? Research Objectives (Overall objectives of research is mentioned) The objectives of the research are as follows: To identify the factors affecting the unaffordability of houses To implement modular off site construction for mitigating challenges To identify the role of government in implementation of modular off site construction To recommend strategies for improving the concept of modular off site construction Literature Review (Past literature on off-site construction is reviewed) Some specialized and governmental published works on house building from Australia including Housing Industry Association (HIA), National Housing Supply Council (NHSC), Australian Housing and Urban Research institute (AHURI), Coalition of Australian Government (COAG), Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), Demographia and Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) were additionally searched. The Housing Industry Association (HIA) and Commonwealth Bank of Australia (CBA) have provided their index ratio that helps in measuring ratio of median household disposable income. As mentioned by Barnett and Stratton 2014, the index has been increased by 5.1% in 2013. This is due to reduction in interest rates by the Reserve Bank Australia (RBA) from 7.05% to 2.5%. Therefore, the median price data is collected from CBA new housing loans. As per the view of Lu and Tam 2013, the Australian government have participated in implementation of Modern off site construction in the country. The Australian Construction industry forum (ACIF) helps in providing shelter, community facilities and infrastructure for cultural, social and economic needs. It holds ire than 10% of GDP and provides employment to one million people in the country. According to Scherjon et al. 2015, ACIF recognizes need of people and helps in satisfying their needs by providing various facilities through construction. The government has helped in strengthening laws and policies in construction site that helps in providing quality construction services in the state. As commented by Li and Du 2015, the projects under ACIF are of advanced quality and offering houses at affordable prices to people. Planning and designing phases of projects help in reducing waste, time and money for construction and helps in providing efficient performance. As commented by Lehm ann 2013, ACIF encourages the adoption of technologies and processes, which enhance planning, design, and delivery process and encourage greater collaboration between designers, end users, and contractors. It also encourages the adoption of a national architecture policy to raise design standards. As suggested by Zhang, Skitmore, and Peng 2014, Public Infrastructure planning requires expertise within the public sector. The Report of the Building the Education Revolution Implementation Taskforce (BERIT) published in July 2011 highlights the benefits of the government sector being an informed client. ACIF and APCC work together for encouraging government for maintaining expertise within public sector for the benefit of using off-site construction elements. As mentioned by Kremer and Symmons 2015, ACIF help in supporting the Federal Government of Australia for appointing a minister in different cities. It also provide a call from the Commonwealth Government for including Ministers Portfolio responsibility to coordinate role of government agencies as buyers of services in the industry. As per the view of Turnbull and Lowe 2017, it also help in promoting policies and regulations for encouraging this innovative construction idea in the country. The NCC is an initiative of the Council of Australian Governments developed to incorporate all on-site building and plumbing requirements into a single code. The NCC sets the minimum requirements for the design, construction and performance of buildings throughout Australia. Health Impact Assessments (HIA) is a part of social and environment aspects of the project. Therefore, the project needs to include health component as part of the SIEA terms of reference. As commented by Nasir, Ahmed and Haas 2014, proper integration of an HIA into its SEIA includes resolving boundaries, avoiding duplication, integrating mitigation measures, and integrating executive summaries. Methodology (Methods used for conducting this research) This paper will focus on the implementation of the Off Site constriction to mitigate the housing unavailability in Australia. This paper will explore the gaps in knowledge regarding the unaffordability of house in Australia. The literature review and data collection has been done from studying various online journals, books, articles, reports and seminars. The literature review and data collection sources are properly authenticated and taken from published journals related to the topic (Taylor, Bogdan DeVault, 2015). International affordability rank National rank Metropolitan market Median Multiple Median house price Median household income 218 1 Karratha, WA 4.1 $679,000 $166,800 224 2 Galdestone, QLD 4.2 $400,000 $94,200 248 3 Mildura, VIC 4.5 $213,000 $46,900 248 3 Townsville, QLD 4.5 $346,000 $76,400 257 5 Shepparton, VIC 4.6 $237,000 $51,400 264 6 Launceston, TAS 4.7 $250,000 $53,200 268 7 Alice Springs, NT 4.8 $469,500 $97,100 268 7 Rockhampton, QLD 4.8 $318,300 $66,600 268 7 Tamworth, NSW 4.8 $260,000 $54,500 277 10 Bunbury, WA 4.9 $380,000 $77,200 277 10 Mackay, QLD 4.9 $420,000 $86,300 277 10 Orange, NSW 4.9 $317,000 $64,600 282 13 Bathurst, NSW 5.0 $313,300 $63,200 282 13 Port Hedland, WA 5.0 $818,000 $163,700 289 15 Canberra, ACT 5.3 $562,200 $106,400 289 15 Geraldton, WA 5.3 $379,000 $71,500 289 15 Wagga Wagga, NSW 5.3 $333,700 $63,500 297 18 Hobart, TAS 5.4 $322,800 $59,500 297 18 Toowoomba, QLD 5.4 $309,000 $57,500 306 20 Ballarat, VIC 5.5 $290,000 $52,500 306 20 Cairns, QLD 5.5 $351,500 $63,600 312 23 Albury-Wodonga, NSW 5.8 $323120,000 $55,200 312 23 Albury-Wodonga, VIC 5.8 $320,000 $55,200 312 23 Brisbane, QLD 5.8 $442,100 $75,900 319 25 Bendigo, VIC 6.0 $315,000 $52,700 319 25 Newcastle-Maitland, NSW 6.0 $385,700 $64,800 319 25 Perth, WA 6.0 $508,000 $84,800 327 28 Adelaide, SA 6.3 $392,000 $61,800 329 29 Darwin, NT 6.5 $673,500 $103,600 332 30 Fraser Coast, QLD 6.8 $290,000 $42,600 332 30 Mandurah, WA 6.8 $390,000 $57,600 Table 1: Ranked housing affordability for Australian market from the most to least affordability As commented by Beament and Blackford 2013, deductive research approach will be selected by the researcher to complete this research. Deductive approach uses hypothetical structure for maintaining relationship with various factors included in off-site manufacturing. As commented by OConnor, OBrien, and Choi 2014, this permits foundation of relationship of factors and additionally their tendency of communication. The scope and issues included in off-site construction will be identified by this approach. The researcher will be able to maintain and manage the outcomes of the research. The research will use descriptive research design for clarifying and verifying elements of off-site construction. The drivers and constraints will be discussed with this research design. This design will help the researcher to plan configuration and summarizing observational information. As stated by Wen, Siong and Noor 2015, the review of journals and articles will be properly for proper qualitative analysis of research. The research will be done ethically under various norms. As mentioned by Woo 2017, the research will follow the Data protection Act 1998 that helps in securing data and info ration related to research topic. The data collected from online journals and government databases are secured and not shared with anyone outside research team. As commented by Lu and Tam 2013, the ethical norms of government have been successfully maintained. Legitimate sources are used for collecting data and information for research topic. This research will depend on true information and add itionally production stayed away from totally. The online journals will be properly crosschecked and only related and published data will be taken for research purpose.) Organization Contribution to MOC HNA Health Need Assessment helps in describing health needs and health assets of various groups in local population. HIA Health Impact Assessment report helps in resolving duplicity and integrating mitigation measures. ACIF Australian Construction Industry Forum (ACIF) is the meeting place for leaders of the construction industry in Australia. CBA The Commonwealth Bank of Australia is an Australian multinational bank with businesses across New Zealand, Fiji, Asia, the United States and the United Kingdom. NHSC National Housing Supply Council Canberra include various experts that estimates analysis, projections and policy advice regarding housing loans and other matters. Table 2: Contribution of various organization to MOC Findings (Expected outcomes and findings from this research) The expected results of the research is to identify the strategies for mitigating the challenge of unavailability of houses in Australia. The supply chain management for the offsite construction will be obtained by secondary methods. The online journals will be properly analyzed that might help in getting an idea about the problems regarding the construction in Australia. 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